An Outline of Analytical Psychology Essay Example

An Outline of Analytical Psychology Essay Example An Outline of Analytical Psychology Essay An Outline of Analytical Psychology Essay Essay Topic: Analytical Analytic Psychology is the school of deepness psychological science based on the finds and constructs of Carl Gustav Jung. Jung gave the broadest and most comprehensive position of the human mind yet available. His Hagiographas include a fully-developed theory of the construction and kineticss of the mind in both its conscious and unconscious facets. a elaborate theory of personality types and. most of import. a full description of the universal. aboriginal images deducing from the deepest beds of the unconscious mind. These aboriginal images are called originals of the corporate unconscious. The latter find has enabled Jung to depict striking analogues between the unconscious images produced by persons in dream and vision and the cosmopolitan motives found in the faiths and mythologies of all ages. The construct of the corporate unconscious gives analytical psychological science an added dimension in comparing with other schools of psychotherapeutics. It takes the theory and pattern of psychotherapeutics out of the sole kingdom of abnormal psychology and relates it to the whole history of the development of the human mind in all its cultural manifestations. The pattern of analytical psychological science therefore becomes non merely a therapy for neuroticism but besides a technique for psychological development applicable to normal and superior persons. An abstract. theoretical presentation is foreign to Jung who ever strove to prosecute the response of the whole adult male. non merely the mind. This presentation should therefore be recognized as no more than a planar study of a 3-dimensional world. Libido: The psychic energy that directs and motivates the personality is called libido. Interest. attending and thrust are all looks of libido. The libido invested in a given point is indicated by how extremely it is valued. Libido can be transformed or displaced but non destroyed. If the libido attached to one object disappears. it reappears elsewhere. Libido is the dynamism of the life procedure manifested in the psychic domain. The theory of libido is closely connected with the jurisprudence of antonyms. The procedures of the mind depend on a tenseness and interplay between opposite poles. If one side of a brace of antonyms becomes overly predominant in the personality. it is likely to turn into its reverse. This is called enantiodromia. A nonreversible witting attitude constellates its antonym in the unconscious. See Jung’s try On Psychic Energy ( 1 ) . Psychological Types: Analytical psychological science distinguishes several psychological types. These refer to innate differences in disposition which cause persons to comprehend and respond to life in different manners. There are two attitude types. the extrovert and the introvert. The extrovert is characterized by an innate inclination for the libido to flux outwards. linking the person with the external universe. The extrovert of course and spontaneously gives greatest involvement and value to the object – people. things. external achievements. etc. He or she will be most comfy and successful when working in the external universe and human relationships. and will be ungratified and ailment at easiness when entirely without recreation. Having small relation to the interior universe of subjectiveness. the extrovert will eschew it and be given to deprecate subjective concerns as morbid or selfish. The introvert is characterized by a inclination for the libido to flux inwards linking him or her with the subjective. interior universe of idea. phantasies and feelings. Greatest involvement and value is given to the topic – the interior reactions and images. The introvert will work most satisfactorily when free from force per unit area to accommodate to external fortunes. He or she prefers their ain company and is reserved or uncomfortable in big groups. Both introvert and extrovert have the defects of their strengths and each tends to underestimate the other. To the extrovert. the introvert appears egoistic and withholding of himself. To the introvert. the extrovert appears shallow. timeserving and hypocritical. Every person possesses both inclinations. but one is normally more developed than the other. As a brace of antonyms they follow the jurisprudence of antonyms. Therefore. an inordinate. nonreversible accent on one attitude is likely to take to the outgrowth of its antonym. The antonym. nevertheless. because it is undeveloped and uniform. will look in a negative. petroleum and unadapted signifier. Thus the utmost extrovert will go a victim of negative inferior invagination in the signifier of depressions. The utmost introvert is likely to hold episodes of compulsive extroversion which are petroleum. ineffective and unadapted to outer world. In add-on to attitude types. we besides distinguish four map types. The four basic psychological maps are believing. feeling. esthesis and intuition. Thinking is the rational capacity to construction and synthesise distinct informations by agencies of conceptual generalisations. Feeling is the map which determines value. It is the map that values and promotes human relationships. Sensation is that map which perceives and adapts to external world via the senses. Intuition is defined as perceptual experience via the unconscious. that is. the perceptual experience of representations or decisions whose beginning is vague. These four maps arrange themselves into two braces of antonyms: thought – feeling and esthesis – intuition. Although every person has all four maps potentially at their disposal. in actuality one map is normally more to the full developed than the others. This is called the superior map. The one least developed is the 1 that is most crude and unconscious – the inferior map. Often a 2nd map will hold achieved considerable development which approaches that of the superior map. This is an subsidiary map. Since any one of the four maps may be superior. we have the possibility of four map types: the thought type. experiencing type. esthesis type. and intuitive type. The thought type is found more frequently in work forces than in adult females. The believing type’s mental life is concerned mostly with the creative activity of rational expression and the adjustment of all life experience into these signifiers. To the grade that the person is identified with the thought map and unconscious of the other maps. the thought will be given to be bossy and restrict the full experience of life. Since feeling will be the inferior map. its values will endure the most neglect. Human relationships will be rapidly sacrificed if they interfere with the opinion expression. The feeling type is found more frequently in adult females than in work forces. The development and nutriment of personal relationships is the major purpose. A sensitiveness to human demands and a willingness to run into them is its outstanding characteristic. It finds its greatest satisfaction in resonance with others. In its extreme. this map type can be obnoxious in its inordinate accent on personal affairs. Since thought is the inferior map. its capacity for abstract. impersonal judgements will be neglected or denied. Thinking will be accepted merely so long as it plays a subservient function to the involvements of experiencing values. The esthesis type is characterized by the first-class version to simple. prosaic world. He or she is content to associate to life on its most simple footings without nuance. contemplation or imaginativeness. The esthesis type appears stable and crude but may miss originative flicker. Vision and imaginativeness. which could extenuate this earthbound province. are merchandises of intuition. which is the inferior map of this type. The esthesis type. in fact. will frequently deprecate intuitive looks as unrealistic phantasies and therefore be deprived of severely needed leaven at times of mental weightiness. The intuitive type is motivated chiefly be a steady watercourse of new visions and possibilities. derived from active intuition. The new. the unusual and the different are a changeless enticement. He or she frequently perceives vague connexions between things which seem separate and unrelated. The intuitive head plants in speedy leaps. which is sometimes hard for others to follow. When asked to continue more easy. he or she is disposed to go impatient. possibly sing hearers slow in doing connexions. This type’s failing lies in its inferior esthesis map. The relationship to world may be hapless. The difficult work required to convey a possibility into actuality or to do an intuitive flash by and large accepted seems excessively burdensome. He or she may stay misunderstood with penetrations. which if they are to bear fruit. must be patiently developed by others. The map types are rarely every bit definite as would look by these descriptions. Normally the development of an subsidiary map will soften and modify the crisp features here described. In add-on. we have a farther complication. Harmonizing to the attitude type. each of the map types may hold either an introspective or an extrovert orientation. Ideally. all four maps should be available to the person in order to hold a complete response to life experience. It is one of the ends of Jungian psychotherapeutics to convey in to consciousness and to help the development of the inferior undeveloped maps in order to near psychic integrity. Many struggles in human relationships and differences can be understood through the theory of psychological types. For case. Jung has explained the difference between the psychological theories of Freud and Adler on this footing. Freud’s theory is concerned chiefly with the individual’s need for and love of the object. Thus it is an extrovert theory. Adler’s theory is based on the individual’s demand to keep his ain self-pride. prestigiousness and power. Adler emphasizes the inner. subjective demand ; hence his is an introspective theory. Differences in type can underlie troubles in interpersonal relationships. Marital struggles are frequently related to differences in psychological type. Knowledge of one’s ain type and of the fact that other every bit valid types exist can frequently assist to relativise one’s ain personal reactions and can take to more witting and fruitful human relationships. ( 2 ) Structure of the Psyche: The mind can be divided into witting and unconscious facets. The self-importance is the centre of witting and the starting point for all empirical psychological science. It is the place of single individuality. and all contents which are witting. must be connected with it. The unconscious includes all psychic elements which are outside witting consciousness and hence are non connected with the self-importance. Contentss of the unconscious are foremost encountered as composites. A composite is an emotionally charged unconscious psychic entity made up of a figure of associated thoughts and images clustered around a cardinal nucleus. On probe. this nucleus is found to be an archetypical image ( see below ) . One recognizes that a composite has been struck by the outgrowth of an affect which upsets psychic balance and upset the customary map of the self-importance. The self-importance stands between the interior universe and the outer universe. and its undertaking is to accommodate to both. By its extrovert orientation. it relates itself to external world. By invagination. it perceives and adapts to inner. subjective world. The demand for external version leads to the building of a psychic construction which mediates between the self-importance and the external universe of society. This mediating construction is called the character. the Latin word for the ancient actor’s mask. It is the partly calculated public face an single assumes towards others. The character is composed of assorted elements. some based on the individual’s personal leanings and others derived from the society’s outlooks and the early preparation of parents and instructors. The character is a interceding via media between individualism and the outlooks of others. It is the function one plays in society. It is besides a protective covering that shields from public position what is personal. confidant and vulnerable. The characteristic symbol for the character is the apparels we wear. Dreams affecting losing or inappropriate apparels refer to a character job. Ideally a character should be appropriate. good fitting and flexible. It is particularly of import that the single realize that he is non indistinguishable with his character. The character sometimes lends one a prestigiousness and authorization belonging to the collective group which is non decently used for personal terminals. To place with the character can do rising prices and disaffection from world. Other persona upsets include a deficiency of character which leaves the single sensitive and exposed to every societal touch. and a excessively stiff. defensive character which is a barrier to realistic version. For farther treatment of the character. see ( 3 ) . Merely as the character stands between the self-importance and the outer universe. so another psychic entity stands between the self-importance and the interior universe of unconscious. This entity is called the shadow. The shadow is a complex of personal features and potencies of which the person is incognizant. Normally the shadow. as indicated by the word. contains inferior features and failings which the ego’s self-pride will non allow it to acknowledge. The shadow may be personified in dreams by such figures as felons. rummies and derelicts. Technically it must be of the same sex as the dreamer. As with all unconscious contents. the shadow is foremost experienced in projection. This means that an unconscious quality of one’s ain is first recognized and reacted to when it is discovered in an outer object. So long as the shadow is projected. the person can detest and reprobate freely the failing and evil seen in others while keeping a sense of righteousness. Discovery of the shadow as a personal content may. if it is sudden. cause impermanent confusion and depression. This will be most likely if the ego’s old attitude has bee particularly inflated. The shadow is the first bed of the unconscious to be encountered in psychological analysis. It is non ever a negative content. In many instances unconscious positive potencies of the personality reside in the shadow. In such instances we speak of a positive shadow. Furthermore. the evil and unsafe facet of the shadow is frequently due more to its fortunes than to its kernel. Just as animate beings which have become barbarous by famishment and barbarous intervention can be changed into loyal comrades by loving attention. so the shadow loses much of its negative facet when given witting credence and attending. The job of the shadow and its projection applies to collective psychological science every bit good. The persecution of the Jews by the Nazis is a terrorizing illustration of the extent to which a corporate shadow projection can travel. The same psychological mechanism operates in favoritism against other minority groups. For more on the shadow. see ( 4 ) . The first bed of the unconscious. the shadow. is besides called by Jung the personal unconscious. as distinguished from the corporate unconscious. The personal unconscious or shadow contains personal contents belonging to the person himself which can and decently should be made witting and integrated into the witting personality and self-importance. The corporate unconscious. on the other manus. is composed of transpersonal. cosmopolitan contents which can non be assimilated by the self-importance. Between these two beds of the unconscious. the personal and the collective. is another entity with. so to talk. one pes on each side. This is the anima in a adult male and the animosity in a adult female. The anima is an independent psychic content in the male personality which can be described as an interior adult female. She is the psychic representation of the contrasexual elements in adult male and is depicted in symbolic imagination by figures of adult females runing from prostitute and seductress to divine wisdom and religious usher. She is the personification of the feminine rule in adult male. the rule of Eros. refering to love and relatedness. The projection of the anima is responsible for the phenomenon of a man’s falling in love. Too much designation of the self-importance with the anima causes the adult male to externally manifest feminine qualities. Anima tempers or provinces of anima ownership can be recognized by their characteristic characteristics of bitterness and emotional backdown. Such a status renders a adult male psychically paralytic and impotent. It is most likely to happen in relation to a adult female with whom he is emotionally and sexually involved. With full psychological development. the anima leads the adult male to the full significance of human relationship and provides him an entryway to the deeper beds of the mind. the corporate unconscious. The animosity is the corresponding representative of the masculine contrasexual elements in the psychological science of adult females. It can be expressed in symbolic imagination by a battalion of male figures from scaring. aggressive work forces endangering colza to divining bringers of visible radiation. It is the personification of the masculine rule in adult females. the rule of Logos. which is the capacity for reason and consciousness. A woman’s falling in love is similarly due to the projection of the animosity. Subjective designation of the self-importance with the animosity causes the adult female to lose contact with her feminine nature and to take on more masculine qualities. The animus-possessed adult female is more interested in power than in relatedness. As with the man’s anima. the animosity is most frequently activated in relation to an emotionally important adult male. particularly a adult male with whom she is sexually involved. Indeed. the anima and animosity have a pronounced affinity for each other. The slightest grounds of one is likely to arouse the other in the spouse. With adulthood and upper limit development. the animosity can go a valuable psychic entity enabling the adult female to map with nonsubjective reason and. likewise to the anima in a adult male. opens to her the corporate unconscious. Further treatment of anima and animosity is in ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) . The corporate unconscious. more late termed nonsubjective mind. is the deepest bed of the unconscious which is normally unaccessible to witting consciousness. Its nature is cosmopolitan. suprapersonal and non-individual. Its manifestations are experienced as something foreigner to the self-importance. numinous or Godhead. The contents of the corporate unconscious are called originals and their peculiar symbolic manifestations. archetypical images. The construct of the original has a close relation to the construct of inherent aptitude. An inherent aptitude is a form of behaviour which is congenital and characteristic for a certain species. Instincts are discovered by detecting the behaviour forms of single beings. The inherent aptitudes are the unknown motivation dynamisms that determine an animal’s behaviour on the biological degree. An original is to the mind what an inherent aptitude is to the organic structure. The being of originals is inferred by the same procedure as that by which we infer the being of inherent aptitudes. Merely as inherent aptitudes common to a species are postulated by detecting the uniformities in biological behaviour. so archetypes are inferred by detecting the uniformities in psychic phenomena. Merely as inherent aptitudes are unknown actuating dynamisms of biological behaviour. originals are unknown actuating dynamisms of the mind. Originals are the psychic inherent aptitudes of the human species. Although biological inherent aptitudes and psychic originals have a really close connexion. precisely what this connexion is we do non cognize any more than we understand merely how the head and organic structure are connected. Originals are perceived and experienced subjectively through certain cosmopolitan. typical. repeating fabulous motives and images. These archetypical images. symbolically elaborated in assorted ways. are the basic contents of faiths. mythologies. fables and fairy narratives of all ages. Such images besides emerge from the corporate unconscious of persons through dreams and visions in instances of deep psychological analysis. profound subjective experience or major mental upset. The experience of meeting an archetypical image has a strong emotional impact which conveys a sense of Godhead or suprapersonal power exceeding the single self-importance. Such an experience frequently transforms the person and radically alters their mentality on life. Archetypal images are so assorted and legion that they defy comprehensive listing. For our intents. we shall depict four wide classs of archetypical imagination. I. The Archetype of the Great Mother. the personification of the feminine rule. represents the fertile womb out of which all life comes and the darkness of the grave to which it returns. Its cardinal properties are the capacity to nurture and to devour. It corresponds to fuss nature in the aboriginal swamp – life being invariably spawned and invariably devoured. If the great female parent nourishes us. she is good ; if she threatens to devour us. she is bad. In psychological footings. the great female parent corresponds to the unconscious which can nurture and back up the self-importance or can get down it up in psychosis or self-destruction. The positive. originative facets of the great female parent are represented by chest and uterus. The negative. destructive facets appear as the devouring oral cavity or the vagina dentata. In more abstract symbolism. anything hollow. concave or incorporating pertains to the great female parent. Therefore. organic structures of H2O. the Earth itself. caves. homes. vass of all sorts are feminine. So besides is the box. the casket and the belly of the monster which swallows up its victims. See Neumann ( 7 ) . II. The Archetype of the Spiritual Father. As the great female parent pertains to nature. affair and Earth. the great male parent original pertains to the ream of visible radiation and spirit. It is the personification of the masculine rule of consciousness symbolized by the upper solar part of Eden. From this part comes the air current. pneuma. nous. ruach. which has ever been the symbol of spirit as opposed to count. Sun and rain likewise represent the masculine rule as fertilizing forces which impregnate the receptive Earth. Images of piercing and incursion such as Phallus. knife. lance. pointer and ray all pertain to the religious male parent. Feathers. birds. aeroplanes and all that refers to winging or height are portion of this composite of symbols which emphasizes the upper heavenly realms. In add-on. all imagination affecting visible radiation or light pertain to the masculine rule as opposed to the dark earthiness of the great female parent. Light of the visage. Crowns. aura and dazing glare of all sorts are facets of masculine solar symbolism. The image of the wise old adult male as justice. priest. physician or senior is a human personification of this same original. The positive facet of the religious male parent rule conveys jurisprudence. order. subject. reason. apprehension and inspiration. Its negative facet is that it may take to disaffection from concrete world doing rising prices. a province of religious hubris or given that generates grandiose ideas of transcendency and consequences in the destiny of Icarus or Phaeton. III. The Archetype of Transformation pertains to a psychic procedure of growing. alteration and passage. It can show itself in many different images with the same implicit in nucleus of significance. Parlous journeys to unknown finishs. geographic expedition of dark topographic points. purposeful descent to the underworld or under the sea or into the abdomen of a monster to happen a concealed hoarded wealth are looks of this original. The subject of decease and metempsychosis every bit good as the symbolism of induction rites in all of their assorted signifiers ; the crossing of rivers or Waterss or chasms and the mounting of mountains ; the subject of salvation. redemption or recovery of what has been lost or degraded. wherever it appears in fabulous or unconscious symbolism – all of these are looks of the original of transmutation. The subject of the birth of the hero or wonder-child besides belongs to this original. This image expresses the outgrowth of a new. dynamic content in the personality boding decisive alteration and expansion of consciousness. ( 8 ) A rich and complex illustration of this original is provided by the symbolism of mediaeval chemistry. In chemistry. the psychic transmutation procedure was projected into affair. The end of the alchemists was to transform base affair into gold or some other supremely valuable object. The imagination of alchemy derives from the corporate unconscious and belongs decently to the psychological procedure of transmutation. ( 9 ) IV. The Central Archetype. The Self. expresses psychic integrity or entirety. The Self is defined by Jung as both the centre and perimeter of the mind. It incorporates within its self-contradictory integrity all the antonyms embodied in the masculine and feminine originals. Since it is a boundary line construct mentioning to an entity which transcends and encompasses the single self-importance. we can merely touch to it and non embrace it by a definition. As the cardinal original is emerging. it frequently appears as a procedure of focus oning or as a procedure affecting the brotherhood of antonyms. Alchemic symbolism gives us legion illustrations of the cardinal original as a brotherhood of antonyms. For illustration. the philosopher’s rock. one of the ends of the alchemical procedure. was depicted as ensuing from the matrimony of the ruddy male monarch and the white queen. or from the brotherhood of the Sun and Moon. or fire and H2O. The merchandise of such a brotherhood is a self-contradictory image frequently described as hermaphroditic. Other images which are used to show the brotherhood of antonyms are the rapprochement of opposing partizan cabals and the rapprochement of good and evil. God and Satan. The emerging cardinal original gives rise to images of the mandala. The term mandala is used to depict the representations of the Self. the original of entirety. The typical mandala in its simplest signifier is a quadrated circle uniting the elements of a circle with a centre plus a square. a cross or some other look of fourfoldness. Mandalas are found everyplace in all times and topographic points. They seem to stand for a basic unifying and incorporating rule which lies at the really root of the mind. Mandalas can be found in the cultural merchandises of all races. A to the full developed mandala normally emerges in an individual’s dreams merely after a long procedure of psychological development. It is so experienced as a release from an otherwise unreconcilable struggle and may convey a numinous consciousness of life as something finally harmonious and meaningful in malice of its evident contradictions. ( 10. 11 ) Psychological Development is the progressive outgrowth and distinction of the self-importance or consciousness from the original province of unconsciousness. It is a procedure which. ideally. continues throughout the life-time of the person. In contradistinction to physical development. there is no clip at which one can state that full psychic development has been achieved. Although we may separate assorted phases of development for descriptive intents. really one phase merges into another in a individual fluid continuum. In the early stage. the self-importance has really small liberty. It is mostly in a province of designation with the nonsubjective mind within and the external universe without. It lives in the universe of originals and makes no clear differentiation between inner and outer objects. This crude province of self-importance development is called. after L? vy-Bruhl. engagement mystique. and is shared by both the primitive and the kid. It is a province of charming engagement and reading between the self-importance and its milieus. What is ego and what is non-ego are non distinguished. Inner universe and outer universe are experienced as a individual entirety. This crude province of engagement mystique is besides apparent in the phenomena of rabble psychological science in which single consciousness and duty are temporarily eclipsed by designation with a corporate dynamism. Jung made no attempt to show a systematic theory of psychological development. However. some of his followings. particularly Neumann ( 12 ) . have attempted to make full in this spread. Following Neumann. the phases of psychological development can be described as follows. The first or original province is called the uroboric phase. derived from uroborus. the round image of the tail-eating snake. It refers to the original entirety and self-containment which is anterior to the birth of consciousness. The self-importance exists merely as a latent potency in a province of primary individuality with the Self or nonsubjective mind. This province is presumed to refer during the antenatal period and early babyhood. The passage between this province and the 2nd phase of development corresponds to the creative activity of the universe for the single mind. Thus universe creative activity myths refer to this first decisive event in psychic development – the birth of the self-importance out of the unconscious. The basic subject of all creative activity myths is separation. Out of uniform integrity one component is discriminated from another. It may be expressed as the creative activity of light – the separation of visible radiation from darkness. or as the separation of the universe parents – the differentiation between masculine and feminine. or the outgrowth of order out of pandemonium. In each instance the significance is the same. viz. . the birth of consciousness. the capacity to know apart between antonyms. The 2nd phase of psychological development is called the matriarchal stage. Although get downing consciousness has appeared. it is every bit yet merely dim and fitful. The nascent self-importance is still mostly inactive and dependent on its uroboric matrix which now takes on the facet of the great female parent. Masculine and feminine elements are non yet clearly differentiated so that the great female parent will still be undifferentiated as to sex. To this phase belongs the image of the phallic female parent integrating both masculine and feminine constituents. Here. the opinion psychic entity is the great female parent. The prevailing concern will be to seek her nutriment and support and to avoid her destructive. devouring facet. The male parent original or masculine rule has non yet emerged into separate being. Mother is still all. The self-importance has achieved merely a unstable separation and is still dependent on the unconscious. which is personified as the great female parent. The matriarchal stage is represented mythologically by the imagination of the antediluvian Near Eastern female parent faiths. for illustration. the Cybele-Attis myth. Attis. the son-lover of Cybele. was unfaithful to her. In a craze of sorrow. reflecting his dependent bondage. he was castrated and killed. The matriarchal stage corresponds to the Oedipal stage as described by Freud. However. analytical psychologists interpret incest symbolically instead than literally as was done by Freud. The matriarchal stage is the stage of original incest. symbolically talking. anterior to the outgrowth of the incest tabu. In the life of the person. this stage corresponds approximately with the early old ages of childhood. The 3rd phase is called the patriarchal stage. The passage is characterized by peculiar subjects. images and actions. In an effort to interrupt free from the matriarchal stage. the feminine with all it

Sassy, Funny, Girly Quotes for Women With Attitude

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Bea System and CSR - Essay Example Management now gained more strategic importance with the development of business functions like planning, organizing, coordinating and also other functions pertaining to division and management of the organisational workload among people working in different groups. Moreover the concept also gained impetus owing to its linkage to managerial activities pertaining to decision making regarding the optimum allocation and economical use of scarce organisational resources. A more current understanding of the managerial concept implies the achieving of core organisational objectives through the activities of other people. In this definition it is clearly reflected that the manager in an organisation is not required to conduct business activities by oneself. Rather such a person can manage business activities through supervising the acts of other people working under him. The above discussion henceforth holds management as a special skill or art which is practiced by the managers to fulfil o rganisational objectives through the acts of others (Peel, 1994, p.1-4; Liebler and McConnell, 2004, p.51-53). Having discussed the emergence and development of the management concept the focus is now rendered on one of the approaches to the management science known as the model for Competing Values Framework. It is found by different management experts like Quinn that the different approaches to management that had emerged with the development of scientific management had some common traits which helped the concepts to merge with each other. This merging of the concepts gave birth to a composite model known as the Competing Values Framework which is considered the appropriate model for future managerial uses. This model is considered best for future managerial applications owing to the prevalence of different types of mindsets which is closely integrated to help business managers to compete effectively with the competing and dynamic current business environment. Competing Values Fr amework model is represented in the form of a grid formed by two axes vertical and horizontal. The horizontal axis judges the effectiveness of the managerial approaches from both the internal and external respects of the organizational environment. Again the vertical axis represents different managerial traits which denote a situation of supreme flexibility at the top which trickles down to a point of absolute certainty reflecting total control. This model earns due effectiveness for reflecting the development of managerial decision making across a number of stages and thereby shows the impacts of such in the external and internal organisational environment (Pellissier, 2001, p.142-143; Smart, 2010, p.389). Thus this model depicted in Appendix A truly reflects the strategic fit in regards to both organisational values and managerial effectiveness and traits making it one of the best models for future managerial uses. Application The Organisation The organisation that would be analyz ed in this context is BEA. This organisation is held to be the world’s largest company in the field of generation of application software for other companies. BEA gained its current stand in a matter of about eight

Outstanding patient care issue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Outstanding patient care issue - Research Paper Example Healthcare is the most varying and the most synchronized sector in the current world. The quality in healthcare management is very important, which determines the level of confidence in patients to rely on a particular organization. It is important for the patient to understand that the hospital works in a cohesive manner and there is outstanding patient care. The hospital is responsible to provide all facilities for the doctors as well as the patients. Nurses have an inevitable role in hospitals; first and foremost, they have to clarify what the doctors have prescribed. For providing outstanding care to the patient, these nurses have to call the doctors and be thorough with which types of antibiotics to be given at what time. They take rounds throughout the hospital regularly so as to check the conditions of patients. They need to accompany the physicians and take notes according to what they say. They are masterminds at assessing the patient’s level of pain just by judging t heir facial expressions and they try various things to cheer the moods of patients. The current healthcare field is evolving and advancing with time, as a result, many of the organizations are trying to fulfill the needs and wants of the patients by providing them high class treatment with all types of equipments and machineries. The patient had fever and drainage afterwards and that is why she was readmitted to the hospital for a probable postoperative disease, seven days before. The patient needs utmost care from the organization. This will improve her health both mentally and physically. From the hospital’s point of view, it is very important to take care of the patient by providing whatever treatment or medication is needed. The individual effort will make a group effort that will directly give the best name to the hospital as the staff work their maximum to revive a patient back to complete health. The patients will be pleased by the way they are treated and would also a ppreciate the teamwork of the hospital. A consistent team of thoughtful people will create a world of diversity in exceptional patient care issues, which would bring in wide-ranging rewards to the performance. â€Å"A trusting relationship with patients and their families is built on open, honest communication. However, today's health care environment makes good communication among patients, families, and caregivers harder and harder to achieve. Hospital stays are shorter, medical care is more technologically complex, resources are constrained, and there is a growing need for patients and families to have more information about, and involvement in, care decisions† (Communicating With Patients, 2011). This mutual consent between the hospital authorities and the patients will lead to a positive result. The doctors, nurses and others from the lab and various departments, who are involved in the health care operations, will help the patients to retain their confidence. The initia l nursing plan has been documented but not updated after surgery. The oxygen tanks have been found on the floor and it has been found in not a secured condition. The nurses should clarify orders properly. Also the nurse was not able to range order policy accurately. As diseases like laparoscopic hysterectomy cause a lot of pain and suffering to the patients, they hope for a better treatment that would relieve their pain. The nurses and doctors have to treat this 67-year old patient very carefully and have to put in their best efforts. The patient had to undergo a surgery to treat a swelling

International Context of HRM- Individual Project (3000 words) Essay

International Context of HRM- Individual Project (3000 words) - Essay Example 2008). This approach, the authors claim, does not negate Hofstede’s four-dimensional approach to categorize a particular culture (G. Hofstede, The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories 1983) but actually supplements it. The authors are firmly of the opinion that mere judging a culture through the prism of Hofstede’s matrix would hardly provide a proper perspective for an international manager. A reasonable knowledge of bilateral history is also extremely necessary to successfully overcome deep seated prejudices, biases and negative stereotypes that seem to cloud judgment in a very big way among participating groups. However, Hofstede’s cultural matrix, which is further crystallized into cultural distance (Kogut & Singh, 1988), surely remains one of the most influential guidelines on this issue. Theories of Hofstede and Trompenaars compared and contrasted with reference to other relevant theories Gerard Hofstede’s Value Survey Model c lassifies cultures with reference to four dimensions that are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individuality versus collectivism and masculinity versus femininity (Hofstede, The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories 1983). Trompenaars on the other hand offers an analytical framework based on seven criterions that are: universalistic versus particularistic, neutral versus affective, specific versus diffuse, achievement versus ascription, individualism versus communitarianism and attitudes towards time and the environment (Trompenaars 1994). Out of these seven dimensions, at least two seem to closely replicate Hofstede’s concept of individuality versus collectivism while somewhat resembling the concept of power distance. Trompenaars’ description of how an individual is accorded status in a society has a close link to Hofstede’s power distance index if one assumes that status is accorded more due to nature rather than achievement. H owever, the match is not exact as Hofstede also dwells at length on acceptable power distances within a society, an issue that is not discussed by Trompenaars at all. Further, the neutral versus affective criterion postulated by Trompenaars is more of a behavioural feature rather than a criterion itself. The extent to which an individual would express their feelings is more of a dependent on other aspects of a culture instead of being in aspect by itself. Trompenaars’ universalistic versus particularistic aspect that is reflected in a preference for rules and stipulations rather understanding and trust resembles both uncertainty avoidance criterions to a large extent while at the same time having some similarity with individuality versus collectivism as espoused by Hofstede. However, the specific versus diffuse aspect of Trompenaars has no direct parallel in Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Trompenaars’ criterion of attitudes towards

A Business System For Technicians Commerce Essay

A Business System For Technicians Commerce Essay Business, now-a-days is vitally affected by the economic, social, legal, technological and political factors. These factors collectively form business environment. Business environment, as such, is the total of all external forces, which affect the organisation and operations of business. The environment of an organisation has got internal, operational and general factory managers must be aware of these three environmental levels and their relationship and importance. Economic dimensions of environment Economic environment refers to the aggregate of the nature of economic system of the country, the structural anatomy of the economy to economic policies of the government the organisation of the capital market, the nature of factor endowment, business cycles, the socio-economic infrastructure etc. The successful businessman visualizes the external factors affecting the business, anticipating the prospective market situations and makes suitable changes to get the maximum with minimize cost. Social dimensions or environment The social dimension or environment of a nation determines the value system of the society which, in turn affects the functioning of the business. Sociological factors such as costs structure, customs and conventions, cultural heritage, view toward wealth and income and scientific methods, respect for seniority, mobility of labour etc. have far-reaching impact on the business. These factors determine the work culture and mobility of labour, work groups etc. For instance, the nature of goods and services to be produced depends upon the demand of the people which in turn is affected by their attitudes, customs, so as cultural values fashion etc. Political environment The political environment of a country is influenced by the political organisations such as philosophy of political parties, ideology of government or party in power, nature and extent of bureaucracy influence of primary groups etc. political stability in the country, foreign policy, Defence and military policy, image of the country and its leaders in and outside the country. Legal regulatory environment Legal environment includes flexibility and adaptability of law and other legal rules governing the business. It may include the exact rulings and decision of the courts. These affect the business and its managers to a great extent. Technical environment Business in a country is greatly influenced by the technological development. The technology adopted by the industries determines the type and quality of goods and services to be produced and the type and quality of plant and equipment to be used. Technological environment influences the business in terms of investment in technology, consistent application of technology and the effects of technology on markets. (P5) Part A The following is an example of the basic health and safety which needs to be addressed within an engineering company:- GENERAL REQUIREMENT FIRE/EMERGENCY PROCEDURES GENERAL SAFETY CODE OFFICE SAFETY WORKING WITH DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT SAFE USE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SAFETY PROCEDURES IN HARDWARE PRACTICAL CLASSES IN ROOM 16G27 SAFETY PROCEDURES IN ELECTRONICS LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP SAFTEY CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS SAFETY FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT STAFF FIRST AID AND EMERGENCY FACILITIES REPORTING HAZARDS The Health Safety at work Act 1974 The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 , also referred to as HASAW or HSW, is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in the United Kingdom. The Health and Safety Executive is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment. Fire precautions Act 1971 The Act furthers the provisions for the protection of persons from fire risks. If any premises are put to use and are designated a certificate is required from the fire authority. Although classes of use cover the provisions of sleeping accommodation; use as an institution; use for the purposes of entertainment, recreation, instruction, teaching, training or research; use involving access to the premises by members of the public and use as a place of work have been designated Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation at Work regulations 1999 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 places a duty on employers to assess and manage risks to their employees and others arising from work activities. Employers must also make arrangements to ensure the health and safety of the workplace, including making arrangements for emergencies, adequate information and training for employees, and for health surveillance where appropriate. Employees must work safely in accordance with their training and instructions given to them. Employees must also notify the employer or the person responsible for health and safety of any serious or immediate danger to health and safety or any shortcoming in health and safety arrangements. Working Time Regulations 1998 The Regulations came into effect on 1 October 1998 to implement a 1993 EC Directive (the Working Time Directive 93/104EC) which was introduced as a Health and Safety measure to protect workers across Europe. Since their introduction, the Regulations have been updated and amended through additional legislation to cover an even wider range of workers, and granted additional rights to young workers. While special rules apply in respect of young workers and junior doctors, the core rights at the heart of the Regulations remain the same. Describe the environmental constraints that are to be considered for sustainability and the use of renewable resources. Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). Natural resources can be easily sustained as their supply is through natural means via nature and planet earth. Business are trying to work more with renewable resources as that will allow them to carry on with their business and non-renewable resources such as oil and coal will eventually decrease. However due to the increase in global warming the earth is suffering from impacts on the environment. The constant decline in the way the earth is changing could risk the use of renewable resources as they will have a direct impact due to the changes. Using natural recourses i.e. renewable resources such as solar radiation, tides, winds and hydroelectricity, these resources are not under threat of being finished as the world will not be lacking in them as they are available through the means of nature. Renewable resources may also mean  commodities  such as  wood,  paper, and  leather, if harvesting is performed in a sustainable manner. This is key, for example if the world wishes to have a regularly supply of paper in offices, schools etc it is vital that the sustain the trees and make sure they are re-planting the same or even more trees in replacement to the ones that they have cut and used for making paper. This has an overall impact on the green house effect. The less the trees there are on the planet it will have a negative impact on how the earth works. Green house gases can cause extreme damaged to the earth which leads to bad weather conditions. Pollution is also an issue which has been raised for the constant threat it causes to the environment and how the natural habitats of animals and forest are being destroyed due to pollution and tree harvesting. What impact do the following social constraints have upon the operation of an engineering company: workforce skill levels and training requirement, and the impact of outsourcing? Workforce skill levels and training requirement:- If the staff which is hired in the engineering company is not well trained and do not hold the required knowledge to work in the company, it will become increasingly difficult for the company to move ahead in their business as their time and energy will be spend in teaching employees information which is needed to work in an engineering company. Impact of outsourcing:- Outsourcing only becomes an issue when companies take their production and plants over to less economically developed countries where they are able to get workers who will not charge a large amount. This however can cause problems because it ethically raises concerns for the amount of work these people do for a very less amount of pay. The advantage to the companies is that they save large amounts of money because they have to pay less for more work. This would be a different scenario of the engineering plant was based in an eastern country where the workers have a right to get a minimum wage. Describe the appropriate legislation and standards, which apply to the design of fridges. The Refrigerator Safety Act was enacted in 1956. The Acts regulations which became effective October 30, 1958 require a mechanism (usually a magnetic latch) which enables the door to be opened from the inside in the event of accidental entrapment. This type of latch, therefore, makes the hazardous refrigerators manufactured before that date easy to identify. The serious entrapment hazard occurs when children, during play, climb inside the old abandoned or carelessly stored refrigerators to hide. Many of these refrigerators are still in use, and when they are carelessly discarded or stored where they are accessible to children, they become a danger. Fridges and Freezers contain dangerous CFC gases that damage the ozone layer. In most areas, old fridges/freezers can be taken to Household Waste and Recycling Centers. From here they should be away for degassing, where the coolant gases (CFCs) are removed and stored by a specialist for recycling. Some fridges/freezers can be re-used or some materials recycled. There are two things that need to be known for refrigeration. A gas cools on expansion. When you have two things that are different temperatures that touch or are near each other, the hotter surface cools and the colder surface warms up. This is a law of physics called the Second Law of Thermodynamics. graphic of refrigerator system Old Refrigerators If you look at the back or bottom of an  older  refrigerator, youll see a long thin tube that loops back and forth. This tube is connected to a pump, which is powered by an electric motor. Inside the tube is Freon, a type of gas. Freon is the brand name of the gas. This gas chemically is called Chloro-Flouro-Carbon or CFC. This gas was found to hurt the environment if it leaks from refrigerators. So now, other chemicals are used in a slightly different process (see next section below). CFC starts out as a liquid. The pump pushes the CFC through a lot of coils in the freezer area. There the chemical turns to a vapor. When it does, it soaks up some of the heat that may be in the freezer compartment. As it does this, the coils get colder and the freezer begins to get colder. In the regular part of your refrigerator, there are fewer coils and a larger space. So, less heat is soaked up by the coils and the CFC vapor. The pump then sucks the CFC as a vapor and forces it through thinner pipes which are on the outside of the refrigerator. By compressing it, the CFC turns back into a liquid and heat is given off and is absorbed by the air around it. Thats why it might be a little warmer behind or under your refrigerator. Once the CFC passes through the outside coils, the liquid is ready to go back through the freezer and refrigerator over and over. Todays Refrigerators Modern refrigerators dont use CFC because CFCs are harmful to the atmosphere if released. Instead they use another type of gas called HFC-134a, also called tetrafluoroethane. HFC turns into a liquid when it is cooled to -15.9 degrees Fahrenheit (-26.6 degrees Celsius). A motor and compressor squeezes the HFC. When it is compressed, a gas heats up as it is pressurized. When you pass the compressed gas through the coils on the back or bottom of a modern refrigerator, the warmer gas can lose its heat to the air in the room. Remember the law of thermodynamics. As it cools, the HFC can change into a liquid because it is under a high pressure. The liquid flows through whats called an expansion valve, a tiny small hole that the liquid has to squeeze through. Between the valve and the compressor, there is a low-pressure area because the compressor is pulling the ammonia gas out of that side. When the liquid HFC hits a low pressure area it boils and changes into a gas. This is called vaporizing. The coils then go through the freezer and regular part of the refrigerator where the colder liquid in the coil pulls the heat out of the compartments. This makes the inside of the freezer and entire refrigerator cold. The compressor sucks up the cold gas, and the gas goes back through the same process over and over. Task 9 (P7) (A) Define the following terms:- (a) Fixed cost: cost that remains constant regardless of sales volume. Fixed costs include salaries of executives, interest expense, rent, depreciation, and insurance expenses. (b) Overhead cost:- total of all costs of manufacturing except direct materials and direct labour, also called manufacturing overhead, indirect manufacturing expenses, factory expenses, and factory burden. In addition to indirect material and indirect labour, it includes such items as depreciation, setup costs, quality costs, cleanup costs, fringe benefits, payroll taxes, and insurance. (c) Variable cost: Variable costs are expenses that change in proportion to the activity of a business. In other words, variable cost is the sum of marginal costs. It can also be considered normal costs. Along with fixed costs, variable costs make up the two components of total cost. Task 10 (M2) Explain the impact of legislation on a specific operation within a typical engineering company in terms of benefits and limitations. Health and safety can be applied to this question as the engineering company must apply to this legislation as it is the law to ensure the health and safety of the workers within an engineering company. The benefits are that the workers are all looked after under the correct health and safety rules. The limitations may occur in terms of costs, the amount of money a company has to spend on ensuring the health and safety is precise. An engineering company would require more health and safety rules as it involves machinery which usually is operated by workers. The long term growth of the company is vital and health and safety will always play an important part in making sure the company always does well in the business environment. Health and safety not only protects the workers of the companies and factories but will have an overall positive impact on the organisation if it is used well and sustained all the time as well as updated in order to stay ahead of any new health and safety acts which the government may introduce. Health and safety can positively influence a business with the following:- Improved health and safety performance by your business will reduce the costs associated with accidents and incidents. Improved awareness of regulatory requirements reduces the chance that you will commit any offences. The Health Safety Executive will generally regulate your business with a lighter touch if it is well managed. If employees see that you are actively looking after their health and safety, relations and morale will  improve. The public see that you are taking a responsible attitude towards your employees. This improves your image and helps generate positive PR for your business.   Improving the efficiency of your business reduces your costs. You can demonstrate to your insurers that you are controlling risk effectively. This may help lower your insurance premiums. Banks and investors will be more willing to finance your business if you can show that it is well managed. Business partners have more confidence in your business. Larger companies and government agencies may only buy from businesses that can show effective management systems. When exporting into different countries, companies under heavy scrutiny in the form of trade limitations which have an effect on these firms, in many cases companies have to pay in order to export which has an overall impact on costs. Trade barriers  are generally defined as government laws,  regulations,  policy, or practices that either protect domestic products from foreign competition or artificially  stimulate  exports of particular domestic products. While  restrictive business  practices sometimes have a similar effect, they are not usually regarded as trade barriers. The most common foreign trade barriers are government-imposed measures and policies that restrict, prevent, or  impede  the  international exchange  of goods and services. Other forms of trade barriers are also put up such as tariffs and subsidies which are areas which need to be dealt with when exporting. Task 11 (M3) (A)Explain the concept of marginal cost. The marginal cost of an additional unit of output is the cost of the additional inputs needed to produce that output.   More formally, the marginal cost is the derivative of total production costs with respect to the level of output. For example:- Marginal Costs are the additional costs imposed when one more unit is produced. If the cost of making 9 pieces of pizza is  £90 and the cost of making 10 pieces is  £110, the marginal cost of producing the tenth piece of pizza is  £20. (B)Explain how the cost effectiveness of an engineering activity could be improved:- If an engineering company is facing the following concerns it maybe that they need to change their ways into something more cost effective and take advantage buy saving on unnecessary costs and a high profit in the end:- Products delivered late?   The company will have to face huge issues if the products they are sending out to customers are not delivered on time. In many cases companies may need to credit full orders and compensate customers if they have lost money due to them. A high rate in late deliveries will have an influence on the overall productivity of the company; hence they will be potentially dealing with a scenario which results in a loss for the company. Inadequate product quality?   Company will lose customers if the quality standards are not maintained. Customers will go and search for different suppliers who are willingly to supply better quality products at the right price rather than bad quality for the same price. They would also have to face the disadvantages of using a bad quality product which could potentially impact their business and increase costs in many areas of their business. Development costs too high?   If development costs are too high, the company needs to be ensuring that what they are working one such as a new product is actually worth the extra costs, it is vital that the product innovative and can guarantee a sale in the future which successfully covers the costs that is being put on it during the design and development stage. Getting less than you need from your engineering organization? The engineering company must always ensure that each department has been given the right resources and workers who maintain a steady work ethic and are able to make their departments meet targets at the end of every month. In order to make an engineering company work better, they could introduce a better system which can save costs within the production process. The following can also be considered when taking in cost effectiveness in engineering:- Concept Design Innovative concepts can lead to high expensive resources being used on it, therefore this areas needs to be monitored carefully and it must be ensured that the concept designs are worthy for the company and can turn into a profitability project. Detailed Design Engineering is a subject which requires detailed design and it is essential that throughout each stage of the designing, that it is important to make sure that everything has been completed in detail so when engineers need to go back and double check, they can solutions to problems more quickly rather than wasting precious time. This will help with the overall cost effectiveness of the company, good research and impressive engineering work. Failure Analysis Ensuring that failures are not repeated as that could potentially harm the business and will most likely have an impact on the cost effectiveness. Product Pricing Design for Manufacture and Assembly Important aspects as they are areas in which more funds will need to be pumped into the business hence accuracy in pricing is required by the sales department. Packaging Cost effective, cheap suppliers who sell good quality packaging for the products is what the company should be looking for in order to be cost effective. Supporting new product builds on assembly line Making new products on the assembly line along with normal products, must be a worthwhile product as it will be using up valuable time and will have an overall impact on the cost effectiveness if the product is worth it or not. Managing Production Emergencies The routine should be practiced and rehearsed when an emergency takes place on the factory floor, any mistakes could cost more lives and impact on machinery could lead to be very expensive. Health and safety routines and fire drills should be rehearsed precisely in order to prevent any serious costs. MS Office (Word, Excel, Power Point) All staff who uses Office documents should be well trained and should be able to know how to use it to its full potential as it will be cost waste if a product which has been brought is not being used properly due to staff not very trained and are not understanding the basic concepts of using the software package. Task 12 (D2) Evaluate the importance and possible effect of the external factors that directly impact on an engineering company. External factors which could have a possible impact on an engineering company; customers have affects on the company with volumes, complexity of the products, the quality requirements, and delivery timing requirements. Vendors have affects with a lot of the same issues, quality of supplies, delivery and reaction times, cost changes, and availability. Internal factors availability and quality of workforce, capacity of equipment, financial capacity, and engineering ability to develop products and standards, costs of production. These factors are very important and need to be addressed by the engineering companies properly. Customers: And engineering company must ensure that they understand correctly what their customer is looking for in the products that they are making. It is no use if the products which are being delivered to them are not of the correct quality and do not meet the necessary rules and requirements the customer had set out when doing a contract with the engineering company. Customers will search for new producers of their products if their needs and wants are not met by the company. The companys main concern is to ensure that customer satisfaction levels are always high and that the service level agreement is always maintained. Vendors: The engineering company will need to ensure that their suppliers are sending them the right raw materials and most importantly at the required times. Any delays in raw material arriving will mean that the production will start late, this will have a overall impact on all the departments who are waiting for the product to be prepared as well as the customer being impacted as there order has been sent late. This can cause huge concerns as many customers ship their products across to various destinations around the world. Any delays in shipping will mean they will be fined with extra costs and will be not satisfied with the overall services they have received. Timing is precise in a situation like this as one mistake could cost a company millions of pounds. Workforce: This is an internal factor which plays an important part in a company. Skilled workers are essential in engineering companies as the work that is being carried out has been made by high skilled and intelligent employees who need to ensure that when the product becomes a physical object and not something which they have designed on paper, they should be able to work with workers who understand the design techniques very well in order for the product to be of a high quality. Other issues which need to be considered during the factory floor is the capacity of equipment, financial capacity, and engineering ability to develop products and standards, costs of production.

Language Development in Hearing-impaired Children Essay -- Linguistics

This had to be the hardest paper that I have written here at Ashford. I think a lot had to do with finding four articles that I could really relate to. Well, then again finding the articles that interested me the most in one of the following areas: cognitive development, language development, social development, or memory and the brain in children and infants. Most students would say that this is easy, however, my situation is not like most students. I have a 6 year old little girl, named Racine, that is my true inspiration. She is the reason why I am here at Ashford and deciding my major. The reason why I bring my daughter up in this paper is because all of the area I have to write about really concern her. Racine is hearing impaired and will most likely be deaf by the age of 10 years old. This is very said for our family. However, the hardest part is not her losing her hearing but it is everything else with her learning. Racine has all of the above issues we are suppose to write our paper about. However, her two major issues , along with the hearing loss, are cognitive development and language development. With you knowing a little about Racine, I would like to go a little out of the box. What I mean by this is that I have read all kinds of articles and research on these two different developmental areas and there really is not a lot dealing with hearing loss associated with them. Within doing my research for this paper I have found that children who experience hearing loss tend to speak in three specific ways. These ways includes American Sign Language, either using aural- oral communication, or simultaneous. Children with hearing loss have to develop communication skills through the value of their eyes rather than the... ... from http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/hearing_impairment.htm Causes of Hearing Loss in Children. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/causes.htm Children with Hearing Loss A Family Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.he ENT: Ear Nose & Throat - Specialists of Northwestern Pennsylvania. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ent-specialists.net/childhearingloss2.phparingproblems.com/Children_with_Hearing_Loss_Family_Guide_Summary.htm Child Hearing Loss by Kristin Mulcahy.doc. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/EC/childhearingloss.doc Different Types Of Hearing Loss. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/hearingloss/HL_types.html NPC Quietnet: Quiet Classrooms: Paper on Hearing Loss in Children. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nonoise.org/quietnet/qc/workshop/2paaa2_1.htm